It seems this is just a ‘zip’ file with a sqlite database in it (.qgd). In theory you should be able to open it with an sqlite reader and a path like:
c:\temp\file.gqz\*.qgd
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“The QGS format is an XML format for storing QGIS projects. The QGZ format is a compressed (zip) archive containing a QGS file and a QGD file. The QGD file is the associated sqlite database of the qgis project that contain auxiliary data for the project. If there are no auxiliary data, the QGD file will be empty.”
Usually in my QGZ files the QGD file is not present; presumably the QGD file is optional.
So the information describing the layers is in the QGS file, which is in an XML like structure.
The layer information is in tags named layer-tree-layer.
From here it gets more difficult, as there are many different providers possible for a layer, and the contents of the layer properties are different depending on the relevant provider.
Providers are recognisable by providerKey, which includes 'wms’, 'wfs’, 'vectortile’, 'oracle’, 'postgres’, 'ogr’, 'gdal’, and many more.