MRF (Meta Raster Format) is a file type designed by NASA but released as open-source GDAL compliant. It is specifically designed to enable very fast access to raster datasets that are stored in a cloud environment. It will be supported in ArcGIS 10.3 and onwards.
Here is some background:
https://github.com/nasa-gibs/mrf/blob/master/spec/...
http://www.esri.com/esri-news/releases/15-4qtr/esr...